Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking

Painting, firefighting, and shiftwork

Combined estrogen-progestogen contraceptives and combined estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy

Alcohol consumption and ethyl carbamate

Carbon black, titanium dioxide, and talc

Some aromatic amines, organic dyes, and related exposures

Ingested nitrate and nitrite, and cyanobacterial peptide toxins

Some drinking-water disinfectants and contaminants, including arsenic

Some industrial chemicals

Some non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some related occupational exposures

Household use of solid fuels and high-temperature frying